Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

The mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary energy currency of the cell. This energy production occurs through a process called cellular respiration, during which glucose and oxygen are converted into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains structures called cristae that increase the surface area available for these biochemical reactions, making the production of energy more efficient. Furthermore, mitochondria are unique because they have their own DNA and are involved in other functions such as regulating metabolism, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and the generation of heat.

In contrast, the nucleus serves as the control center of the cell by housing genetic material, ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids. While each of these organelles plays an essential role in cellular function, it is the mitochondria that provide the necessary energy for the cell's activities, making them crucial for sustaining life.